Knowledge areas In the United States of America the Institute of Project Management has identified nine knowledge areas as fundamental to project management. These are: - Integration
- Time
- Scope
- Quality
- Cost
- Human resources
- Communications
- Risk
- Procurement (Walsh, NORDNET, 1997).
Furthermore, education, training and experience are essential elements of all these knowledge areas and it is impossible to find the total scope of prerequisite competence in one single profession, person or party. Teamwork will inevitably form part of effective management within these various fields of knowledge. Team members who represent each of the foregoing knowledge bases should serve as the managers of all matters relating to their specific fields of expertise. | 
